Virus 18

Virus adalah parasit berukuran mikroskopik yang menginfeksi sel organisme biologis. Virus hanya dapat bereproduksi di dalam material hidup dengan menginvasi dan memanfaatkan sel makhluk hidup karena virus tidak memiliki perlengkapan selular untuk bereproduksi sendiri. Dalam sel inang, virus merupakan parasit obligat dan di luar inangnya menjadi tak berdaya. Biasanya virus mengandung sejumlah kecil asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA, tetapi tidak kombinasi keduanya) yang diselubungi semacam bahan pelindung yang terdiri atas protein, lipid, glikoprotein, atau kombinasi ketiganya. Genom virus menyandi baik protein yang digunakan untuk memuat bahan genetik maupun protein yang dibutuhkan dalam daur hidupnya.

Istilah virus biasanya merujuk pada partikel-partikel yang menginfeksi sel-sel eukariota (organisme multisel dan banyak jenis organisme sel tunggal), sementara istilah bakteriofag atau fag digunakan untuk jenis yang menyerang jenis-jenis sel prokariota (bakteri dan organisme lain yang tidak berinti sel).

Virus sering diperdebatkan statusnya sebagai makhluk hidup karena ia tidak dapat menjalankan fungsi biologisnya secara bebas. Karena karakteristik khasnya ini virus selalu terasosiasi dengan penyakit tertentu, baik pada manusia (misalnya virus influenza dan HIV), hewan (misalnya virus flu burung), atau tanaman (misalnya virus mosaik tembakau/TMV).
daftar pustaka : bung wiki

Malam Yang Indah Tapi Menyakitkan

malam ini ku alami kejadian yang menyakitkan
malam ini aku gak bisa tidur cuma terbaring diatas tempat tidur daripada aku mikir yang tidak tidak mending aku bangkit dari kasur, lalu aku menuju dapur membuat segelas kopi lalu ku nyalakan rokok buat menemani melek
kunyalakan rokok dengan korek api yang tinggal 1 batang kuhisap rokonya terasa nikmat lalu ku letakkan roko di asbak aku tinggal ngetik.. lalu rokoknya tak ambil lagi ku hisap dah gak keluar asap.. hwaaaaaaag koreknya abis glodag.. lemes aku

nyoba tulisanku tak translate hasilnya kaya apa ya.. minta bantuan mbah gugel dulu nich

This evening I experienced the painful events
tonight I can not sleep just lay on my bed than I do not think that I better not get up from bed, then I went into the kitchen making a cup of coffee and then lit a cigarette for me to accompany literacy
I turned on the cigarette with a match who lives a rod feels good then I smoke my rokonya put Morocco in the ashtray I stay typing .. then again I do not give a cigarette dah not suck out the smoke .. hwaaaaaaag glodag match up .. I am powerless

19 Jaringan Sikatrik Adalah

JARINGAN SIKATRIK (scar)  adalah penonjolan kulit akibat penumpukan jaringan fibrosa sebagai pengganti jaringan kolagen normal.
Jika jaringan terus menerus tumbuh berlebihan disebut keloid
biasanya terjadi pada luka bakar bahasa mudahnya jaringan sikatrik adalah bekas luka

posted by : gayuh

Tersesat

aku tersesat
kalau kamu ingin aku datanglah temui diriku disini
dimana aku tidak tau keberadaanku sendiri

terasa hampa tanpamu
jiwa ini sepi
hanya sebatang rokok yang menemani
perut berontak dengan segala teriakannya

biarlah biarkan diri tetap bodah dan lapar

bantuan dari translatenya mbah

I'm lost
if you want me to come meet me here
I do not know where their own existence

felt empty without you
This lonely soul
only a cigarette to accompany
stomach revolted by all the yelling

Let let yourself stay ignorant and hungry

Building Tracking URLs for Google Analytics

Building Tracking URLs for Google Analytics

This tactic is not really new. In fact, it’s quite old by Internet and SEO standards (being a couple years now). Nevertheless, I see the problem of bad data flowing into Google analytics with enough regularity that I think this deserves some review.
Don’t Blindly Trust your Data

Too often, webmasters and even Internet marketers put too much trust into the data that their Google Analytics accounts are reporting; especially if they see traffic increasing.

For example, I recently ran across an account that looked like it just exploded with additional visits and revenue from organic sources.
daftar pustaka : seo. com

Embroidered Sweaters and Rugby Tops Are Excellent Messengers

Sweaters are highly visible clothing worn over other clothes, and embroidered sweaters are ideal for conveying your message. This message can be a company brand or the simple statement that the wearer is a dedicated fan of the England Rugby team.

The Sweater is a Catchall for Different Styles

Traditionally made from wool, sweaters were cold weather wear. These days, sweaters are also made from cotton, synthetics and blends. They are pulled over other items of dress, such as shirts and tops, and are also known as pullovers.

Covering the torso and arms, sweaters were ideal for sports played in cold environments, such as ice hockey, or for games during cold seasons.

Sweaters come in different styles - turtle neck, v-neck, crew neck; waistlines at varying heights; varying sleeve lengths; and differently styled hems. Embroidered sweaters can have the embroidery on sleeves or on the breast or can just consist of some tasteful lines across the front. You can choose an item that suits the conditions and your tastes.

Sweaters are also called pullovers, jumpers, jerseys and by other names, particularly in different countries. A cardigan has a front opening that sweaters lack. Sweaters made from cotton are known as sweatshirts. And sweaters with no sleeves are called vests.

Sweaters are easier to tailor, as they don't need elaborate devices for body fit. Being elastic items made from knitted fibers, sweaters adjust to body shape. However, the elasticity also means that you have to be more careful while washing a sweater.

Sweaters are maintained through washing and lint rolling.

Embroidered Sweaters and Rugby Tops

The high visibility of sweaters means that company logos and names will be visible on those times when a sweater is pulled over shirts and tops, hiding any embroidery on these items. Embroidered sweaters are thus better for conveying your messages in cold countries where they tend to be worn more frequently.

Embroidered rugby tops are for fans of the respective rugby teams. Sports fans like to identify themselves with their teams and rugby tops embroidered with team logos is a popular dress in countries where rugby is played.

Rugby shirt manufacturers produce embroidered rugby shirts that replicate famous rugby wear such as Test rugby shirts worn by cup winning teams at world cups. There are Australia Rugby shirt, Ireland Dry shirt, the short sleeve version of England away rugby shirt, and so on.

Conclusion

Sweaters are items of clothing worn over other upper wear like shirts and tops. Embroidered sweaters are highly visible items of clothing that can display their message when those on the shirts and tops are hidden.

Embroidered rugby tops are highly popular among fans of different rugby teams. There are rugby tops replicating the patterns of jerseys worn by different country teams and those worn on famous occasions such as a cup victory.

Top 3 Reasons Why Wool Is Back In Style

Let me let you in on a little secret. Wool is back (actually it never really left, as you'll see below). Wool has been around for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It still is a major industry in a lot of countries around the world (Australia and New Zealand come to mind), and it's used in sweaters, socks and general fabrics. People have been wearing wool for style and warmth for generations. wool has come back into style in recent years and shows no sign of waning. Let's take a look at the top 3 reasons why wool is now as cool as ever.

1)Retro. Back in the 80s, everybody was into the wool look. The stuffed up L.L. Bean preppy style was "in" and any fan of the 80s teen flicks knows that it was the decade of the wool sweater. All those college films seemed to make their characters sport wool as mandatory attire.

2)Movie Stars. You may have noticed that some of your favorite celebrities have been wearing wool in recent photos. Much like the trucker hat phenomenon of a few years ago, wool sweaters have become cool again (they are in with the "in crowd") and you can see the trend setters wearing them. Movie stars and general celebrities often start trends which the rest of the population mimics. When its hot with the stars, it quickly becomes hot with the rest of the country (and often the world). Wool clearly is no exception.

3)It never really left. For a certain element of the population, notably skiiers and outdoors people, wool is a simple necessity of life. Wool socks can keep even the coldest of skiiers warm from frigid outside temperatures. Most of us don't think about this because more than ½ of us live in cities these days and the southern and southwestern cities have become huge population centers. After all, do most of us really want to live in the cold year round? Judging by the demographics and population shift, the answer is clearly no.

Wool is hear to stay. Learn all about wool and how to get a good deal on your next wool purchase: whatever it is.

malam dingin ngantuk puisi

malah dingin menusuk tulang
ingin rebahkan ragaku diatas bahu pacarnya tetanggaku
tapi kok tiba tiba aku kebelet ngising
aku lari terkencing kencing
tak lupa membawa pancing
nanti ngising sambil mancing
lupa bawa cacing

gak jadi bikin puisi jadi blank

The History of Hummels

early 30 years in the business of dealing Hummel collectibles, we're often asked about the history of the Hummel figurines and how they've become so treasured by collectors worldwide.

Whether you're a seasoned Hummel collector or someone who's just considering getting started, understanding the history of Hummel figurines will help you understand why these unique pieces have touched so many people with their beauty, simplicity and value.

Although Hummel figurines made their first mark on the world in 1935, their true history dates back to the year 1909, when a girl named Berta Hummel was born in the small town of Massing, Bavaria as one of six children.

A naturally-talented artist, at the age of 12, her parents recognized that her home schooling wasn't the best setting to fully develop her creative gifts, and she was sent to the Institute of English Sisters, Marienhoehe, about 20 miles away from her home.

While there, she was educated in a variety of artistic media as well as a host of other academic subjects. But upon graduation at the age of 18, it was determined that she needed further tutelage to ensure that her artistic talents were developed to their fullest potential. Consequently, she set out for Munich, a thriving center for art at the time.

Berta enrolled in the Academy of Applied Arts, where she continued to expand her education in the arts as well as other disciplines. However, despite this additional training, she never tired of her whimsical, precious drawings of children that would serve to inspire the most iconic figurines ever created.
Upon graduation at the top of her class in 1931, she decided to devote her life to God, and entered the Convent of Siessen which had been founded nearly 700 years earlier.

While there, she taught at St. Anna Girls' School in nearby Saulgau. Upon the completion of her novitiate, she became a full-fledged nun and took the name Maria Innocentia, dedicating the remainder of her life to serving God.

Within a few years, an enterprising and dedicated porcelain manufacturer named Franz Goebel approached Maria Innocentia and proposed a partnership. Her drawings were unlike any he'd ever seen, and he instinctively knew they would translate well into figurines that would ultimately become an instant success.

Promising her the utmost in quality control, adherence to her vision, and that all royalties would be returned to the convent, Herr Goebel signed an exclusive contract with Maria Innocentia for the manufacture and distribution of her work through his W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik firm.

Their contract was signed January 9th, 1935, and, following a successful showing at the 1935 Leipzig Spring Fair, the figurines were an even greater success than Goebel had originally imagined.

Sadly, the life of Maria Innocentia was cut all too short on November 6, 1946 when, at only age 37, she died of complications from tuberculosis. Although her life was over all too quickly, her legacy lived on, as it does to this day, through her beloved figurines that hearken back to her childhood days in the Bavarian countryside.
 

An alternative to using an estate agent to sell your property

Traditionally, anyone with a house to sell in the U.K. would use an Estate Agent. As they were ranked 2nd in a Radio 4 poll of "least respected workers" (M.P.'s were 1st!), for many people they are seen as a necessary evil.

A small minority of people manage to sell their house privately by doing their own advertising and putting up their own For Sale board, but as their property does not appear in the Estate Agent's press adverts or websites, this is very much a hit and miss affair.

Even when a sale is secured, the legal system in England & Wales means that until contracts are exchanged – typically many weeks later – the sale can fall through. In fact one in three agreed sales do not complete, meaning that the sale process has to start all over again.

For anyone relocating or emigrating this is frustrating and annoying as plans have to be put on hold. For people with financial difficulties or in danger of having their house repossessed, it can be very serious indeed.

A realistic alternative to Estate Agents

At last there is an alternative to using an Estate Agent. Using a specialist property-buying company offers the speed and certainty lacking if selling on the open market through an Estate Agent.

Companies like A Quick Sale (http://www.aquicksale.co.uk ) are now offering a service that more and more people see as a better alternative than waiting and hoping for an elusive buyer. They will normally make an offer to buy a property within a few days, completing at a date to suit you, so that people can move on with their lives.

So, what's the catch? Well, the main one is that they will be looking to buy the property at a reduction from the open market value. How much of a reduction often depends on the type and size of property but is likely to be at least 10%.
The other thing to watch out for is that some of these companies charge an upfront valuation fee of several hundred pounds. Whilst this is usually refundable if you go ahead and sell to them, it is quite possible that their offer on your property will be unacceptable to you, leaving you out of pocket!

Questions to ask

If the speed and certainty of selling to a property-buying company appeals to you, what do you need to look out for?
Probably the first question to ask is – will it cost me anything to get an offer on my property? A national house buying company featured on Watchdog last year after many complaints fro people who had paid a valuation fee and then offered much less than their property was worth.
(see http://www.bbc.co.uk/watchdog/reports/home/home_20051122_2.shtml)

You wouldn't expect to pay an Estate Agent for a valuation, so why pay these companies?

The next question most people need answering is – can I rely on this company? Can they fit around me? These companies should be asking you about your timescales and deadlines and tailoring a solution around these. Look carefully at their literature and website to see if they are flexible and offer a range of solutions. It is also a good idea to ask them for examples or testimonials from previous customers.

So, if you have a property to sell, before you call an Estate Agent, it might be worth checking out a couple of these companies who can offer you a quick sale.

Disclaimer:
All information contained in this article, is for general information purposes only and should not be construed as advice under the Financial Services Act 1986.

You are strongly advised to take appropriate professional and legal advice before entering into any binding contracts. 

On Networking Groups (Part Two)

In "On Networking Groups - Part One", I spoke briefly about the four types of networking groups. Now, let's take a look at a category of networking groups.

One category that most people are familiar with is the Chamber Of Commerce. Chambers serve a long standing role in the business community. It is a role of development and support. A Chamber Of Commerce can offer business both small and large with networking opportunities, training programs, legislative assistance and a host of other benefits. A Chamber Of Commerce can be a local, statewide, national, or international organization with separate memberships for each. If you belong to an area Chamber of Commerce, you do not belong to a state or national Chamber. Each plays their own role in the business community.

Some Chambers of Commerce take more of a role in the community to influence policy while others might focus more on business development. Most of them however have a wealth of information for the member that goes unused by most.

For example, let's say you have a business and you have a question about a city ordinance that relates to your business. Most often a Chamber of Commerce can provide you with the answer to your question. Each of them has a database of members that can often be accessed through some point. Usually computers are made available to members with databases that can be searched for information on other members.

When looking for networking opportunities within a Chamber Of Commerce, most people think only of leads groups or the common after hours. The reality is that any function hosted by a chamber of commerce holds opportunities for networking with other business owners and business leaders.

Chambers of Commerce generally have a yearly membership of several hundred dollars for an individual or company. There are various levels of membership that can be had. Most Chambers offer an executive level membership that includes exclusive meetings between a more elite level of business people. When looking for this type of prospect, you can often gain access to them by joining at this level. The problem you might have is actually paying for this level or attending the functions as they are provided
I and many other experts on networking recommend anyone who networks to be a member of several groups. This should include a Chamber of Commerce. Keep this in mind when considering a Chamber of Commerce. If you are involved in your community in other business networking organizations like the Rotary Club, a local Merchant's association, or smaller networking group, you might want to consider joining a Chamber of Commerce in another part of town. This will make you a part of that community as well and open the doors to increased prospects and opportunities.

In any event, you should always attend a Chamber of Commerce function in any area several times and find out what types of assistance they can offer for the growth of your type of business. Do not join any group just for the sake of joining a group. Find out what types of members attend the functions that are offered to determine the amount of exposure you will have to your target prospect.

When you attend a Chamber of Commerce meeting for the first time, look for the most popular person in the room, the one who everyone seems to want to talk to and get to know them first. This way you will make faster connections to the rest of the group. Often the leaders of the group can help you to get in the mix quicker.

Look for people who do what you do and analyze their strengths and weaknesses for opportunities to build alliances with them. If they have been a member for a long time, it is likely that they have most of the business in their industry at this point in time. It is hard to compete in such circumstances, so try an alliance before you bang your head against the wall trying to compete or just giving up.

Chambers of Commerce have been around for many years and there are all types, including minority and international. Be sure to visit many before deciding which to join and your membership dollars will serve you better.
 

New Fashion Trends Take A Walk On The Wild Side

A quick look inside today's fashion magazines reveals top designers showing off their animal instincts more and more. From runway to real life, wildlife prints are a fashion "must" and include everything from butterflies to zebra stripes.

In fact, most fashion experts say this season's hot styles are a mixture of bohemian and wild safari. Tiger and zebra prints, jungle patterns, and tunics with detailed embellishments are a must-have fashion look that anyone can wear. Here are some tips that will help you pull it off:

Stylists say that wearing safari animal prints, especially leopard, is a great way to add a bold, fashionable edge to your wardrobe.

• If it's a transformation you're looking for, the butterfly motif is also taking flight in the fashion industry and can be seen on everything from shoes to hair clips, bags, tops and even gowns. Celebrities are catching on to the craze, as can be seen in the pages of beauty and fashion magazines.

•Butterflies have begun to flutter from fashion into other industries as well. Because butterflies symbolize freedom and the confidence that follows, some brands have selected it as an icon. Most recently, Stayfree® has incorporated a pretty butterfly logo to its fun, aqua-colored Dry Max packaging. So if you're looking for a way to energize your wardrobe, stylists say to incorporate a butterfly element-whether it's a handbag, top, scarf or pin.

• The animal trend reaches beyond leopards and butterflies. Fashionistas can expect to see a lot more clothes and accessories featuring animal elements in the coming months.

Other hot trends to keep an eye out for include snakeskin accessories and sleek, African-inspired separates, as well as real and fake fur adorning jackets, sweaters and more. Luxe fabrics like croc and shearling and even fox fur collars were all the rage at recent fashion shows and are expected to hit the racks in the coming months.

When it comes to fashion, it's a jungle out there. Remember, with these bold safari-style prints and accessories, be careful not to overdo it. Sometimes, less is more.

Season's hot styles-Jungle patterns are a must-have fashion look that anyone can wear.

Benefits of a Credentialing Verification Organization

Managed care organizations like health management organizations (HMO) and independent provider associations (IPA) are required to credential their providers, meaning they have to verify the medical provider's professional history. Because of the dispersed nature of managed care organizations and the resource requirements of the credentialing process, credentialing verification organizations (CVO) step in to provide these credentialing services.

Overview of Credentialing
The two major accrediting organizations for managed care organizations are the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and Utilization Review Accreditation Council (URAC) As part of their accreditation requirements, both URAC and NCQA require managed care organizations to credential their providers according to their published standards.

While it is less common for preferred provider organizations (PPO) to credential their practitioners, credentialing lowers risk and liability, while improving patient care. As an example of how important these standards can be for PPO quality, more than 10% of the organizations certified by NCQA are PPOs.

Credentialing verification requirements for both NCQA and URAC require that the work history, disciplinary actions, and malpractice claims history of the provider be checked for the previous five years, and then rechecked every three years. The additional areas that are verified are similar for both organizations, including the following information:
  • Education and post-graduate training
  • Hospital affiliations
  • Board certifications
  • State licenses
  • DEA certificate
  • Medicare/Medicaid sanctions
  • Adverse actions in NPDB or HIPDB records

The above listed organizations must be contacted and verifying documents, such as copies of certificates, sent to the CVO. This information is used to create the credentialing report that the CVO submits to the managed care group's review committee.

The type of information that the CVO collects can be modified to meet the needs of the managed care group. For instance, if a PPO wants to verify that a physician has the appropriate licenses and malpractice insurance, but does not need to comply with URAC or NCQA standards for accreditation, a CVO will adapt the credentialing process to find that information.
Selecting a Good CVO
Managed care organizations have long depended on CVOs to provide credentialing services because CVOs tend to be faster and less expensive than credentialing in-house. Using CVOs help reduce staff time and training for managed care groups, as well as lowering their liability and lessening the risk of penalties for errors during NCQA/URAC audits. CVOs not only credential physicians, but all types of medical personnel, such as midwives, respiratory therapists, nurses, and physical therapists.

There are certain characteristics that can help distinguish a good CVO:

  • CVOs should adapt their credentialing criteria to accommodate the managed care group's needs, such as verifications with fewer criteria than NCQA/URAC standards for PPOs or adding verification criteria for other managed care groups.
  • The CVO should be certified by either NCQA or URAC, preferably both, which means the CVO complies with the accrediting organization's practices and standards.
  • The completed reports, with no unverified data, and supporting documentation should be complete and available on file.
  • Turnaround time should be within industry averages; for NCQA/URAC standard credentialing, this is about 30 days.
  • Any problems with a provider should be brought quickly to the managed care organization's review committee.
  • The CVO should offer extra services, such as tracking expirables like license renewals and recredentialing deadlines, and support through routine NCQA/URAC compliance audits.
  • The CVO should have solid customer service practices, including a single, named CVO representative; customer satisfaction and quality assurance practices; and a quick response time to questions.

CVOs offer better turnaround time, lower overhead and expense, reduced staff time, and lowered liability to managed care groups. Even groups, like PPOs, which are not required to meet NCQA/URAC standards for accreditation still benefit by making better provider choices, meaning improved patient care and liability, by credentialing their providers through a CVO.

Leather Jacket Care

If you own a fine leather jacket then you've probably drawn a few looks here and there because of the style. Unfortunately over time, even a great leather jacket can turn ugly on you if it isn't properly maintained.

Prevention is Your Best Option

When you first bring your leather jacket home, you want to condition and waterproof it. After that, proper care will keep it looking fabulous for years. In fact, did you know that with proper care, leather out wears denim 20 to 1? I've heard stories where a good quality, well maintained leather jacket can last as long as 50 years!

Find out everything you can about your leather jacket, get the right stuff and set aside time for mandatory cleaning. If you don't do it yourself, then pay a pro to clean your leather jacket for you. You can thank me later for that tip!

Leather Jacket Repair

How can you repair the sleeves on your leather jacket when the edges are cracking, without making the leather weak or super soft?

If you have any loose edges, you can actually tack them up with a small dab of rubber cement which is sold at most grocery or retail stores. If the edges are not torn but just starting to look rough, one of the best options is for you to use a combination of mink oil and beeswax.

Typically this concoction is sold as paste, making it easy to apply. While it helps to improve those rough spots, it does soften but not too much. This combination will also help preserve the leather and prevent stains.
Leather Jacket Maintainence and Restoration

One of the top products you can buy for your leather jacket is called Lexol. This brand is excellent for restoring worn leather, bringing it back to its natural state. Another professional cleaner/conditioner is called Fiebing's All Purpose Leather Cleaner and Conditioner. It too helps restore leather that is worn while also helping to prevent water spots, stains, and even cracking.

Another great product that does it all, conditions, waterproofs, preserves, softens, and restores leather is called Snow-Proof. This product has no color or odor and is excellent on leather jackets as well as boots and shoes. Best of all, it will not leave a greasy feel.

Carnauba Cream will also help to restore and smooth out your leather jacket. It helps to resist scratches and finger prints and does a great job of restoration. One other product you should investigate is called Leather Balm with Atom Wax. This particular product was formulated specifically for leather to help with preserving and restoring. It also helps produce a nice soft, natural finish.

I suggest doing some research on these products before settling on one. Type the product name into a search engine and read up on their different properties. Prices and results will vary depending on the application.

Writing an Article - Basic Rules of Grammar

Some would-be writers think they can dash off an article without bothering to learn the basic rules of grammar. But just as any craftsperson spends time honing his skills to make the perfect piece of craft, so must a writer work hard to present an article that will be a pleasure to read and not shame him for its sloppy grammar and punctuation. True, some errors are typos, but doesn't that reflect a certain laziness on the author's part? An article should be closely examined for typos before it is sent off or uploaded.

Don't trust your spell checker. No automated spell-checker can alert you to every error. Whose and who's, lose and loose, quiet and quite, its and it's are all legitimate words, so there will be no red line under them. Spell-checkers are not clever enough yet to tell which one you meant to use. And if the error is not due to a typo, it means you need to keep a dictionary on hand to check anything you are uncertain of.

Remember that when a word ends in " 's" it means there is a letter missing. "It's" means "it is". If you are unsure which one you should be using, try saying the sentence both ways.

For instance…

" It's a good day today/ It is a good day today". The latter example makes perfect sense, so it is okay to use "it's".

But….

"Here is a rabbit. Its burrow is over there."

Does, "It is burrow is over there", make sense? No.

Of course if you said, "The rabbit's burrow is over there," then the apostrophe denotes possession (and only one rabbit), not a missing letter.

"The rabbits burrow is over there," (with no apostrophe) means there are several rabbits.

And just for the record, "loose" means not tight, while "lose" means you've lost it.
"Who's" is short for "who is", but "whose" is the possessive form of "who" (as in "Whose is that car?")
"Quiet" means "hush", while "quite" is an adverb (which should usually be left out).

"I felt quite silly," sounds better as, "I felt silly".

"I felt like an idiot," may be even better. Sometimes rules of grammar get in the way of good writing. If this is the case they can and should be broken, otherwise your writing will become pedantic and even mechanical. One such rule is that a sentence should not begin with a conjunction. Both "and" and "but" can certainly be used to begin a sentence, or even a paragraph, but not to end one. Using either of these conjunctions to start a sentence can be a natural transition to carry the reader forward.

A rule of style tells us to never use the same word twice in a sentence, but if you have to search for several other clumsy substitutes to do the job, then please repeat. Repetition of someone's name is a little different. It can easily be replaced with "he" or "she" as the sentence progresses.

A persistent myth masquerading as a rule tells us not to end a sentence with a preposition. Winston Churchill is supposed to have made fun of this by stating, "This is the sort of English up with which I will not put." Of course a sentence may end with a preposition. A good rule is to write the way you speak. But unless you have grown up speaking English, ignore this rule too.

A few more pointers…

· When writing an article, watch that you don't repeat information unnecessarily. Even if you use different wording, it still gives the reader the impression that you think he was too dumb to get it the first time.

· Use short sentences more than long ones, but do vary the length.

· Break up the text by using bullet points, or asking a question. Why? It will add interest and prevent your reader falling asleep – or simply turning the page.

· Use short paragraphs too. This will make the job of reading it all seem much easier. In this fast-paced world readers are mostly in a hurry. If they come to a huge block of text with no white space, they'll usually skip most of it.

If you keep these tips in mind, your articles will keep both editors and readers happy.

Writing Articles For Permanent Traffic

Writing articles is possibly the best way to generated free traffic to your site. A short article, submitted to a few places, creates permanent streams of traffic. Here are some of the ways articles bring traffic to your website:

1. Click-throughs from article banks. People read your articles at an article bank, and click on the link in the "author's resource box."

2. Search engine traffic. Search "cheap international plane tickets" on Google, and sites with my article will be in the results. Wherever the article is found, readers can click through to my travel site.

3. Other web sites. When my reports show a referral address I don't recognize, it's usually a web site that's using one of my articles.

Article Submission - The Basics

Submit your articles to article banks and newsletters. Article banks usually carry "free-distribution "articles, meaning anyone can use them for a site, newsletter or blog. They just can't change them, and they have to leave your link active. The link is in the "resource box," where you say something about yourself and invite the reader to visit your web site.

Post an article once, and it can spread, creating permanent streams of traffic. Why permanent? Here's an example: I get search traffic for "mexico real estate" on my site HousesUnderFiftyThousand.com because of an article I used. The author gets clicks through to her site, but I get traffic - and revenue - so I'll never remove that article.

The Easiest Article Writing

Article writing isn't just for writers. Online articles are short and less formal than magazine articles anyhow, but if you really don't like writing, try a "list-article." This is the most popular type of article online, which is fortunate, because it's also the easiest type to write.

For a site about making money on Ebay, you could write an article titled "The Top Ten Sellers On Ebay." A short introduction, a list with a sentence or two about each item, a bit about yourself and a link to your site, and you're done. Write "Six Mistakes People Make On Ebay," and we need to read that to avoid the mistakes, right?

Some article banks charge fees, but there are many that are free. There are also more ways to generate traffic with your articles. That's this article's "tease" to get you to the site.

Top 6 Facts You Should Know About Your New Motorcycle

Often experienced motorcycle riders who trade in an old bike for a brand new set of wheels find that they fall prey to an unfortunate set of statistics that occur along with new machines--more motorcycle accidents happen on new equipment than on old faithful rides. Don't assume that 100,000 miles on your old bike means equally capable handling of your new set of wheels. Instead, take the time to learn some facts about your new motorcycle.

Low Speed Handling

If possible, find a deserted level parking lot that has a relatively clean surface. You don't need bumps, slippery stuff, inclines, potholes or other defects or obstacles in order to learn more about your new motorcycle. You need to plan on spending time having fun and getting to know the quirks of the new wheels. Start by doing low speed circles with your eyes on the horizon and practice until you can do a 360 without putting your foot down and with the steering in full lock. This may require some adjustment in the position of the handlebar or the throttle cable in order to smooth the acceleration action. Follow tight circles with tight figure eights, again without touching your feet to the ground until the bike has come to a full stop. Force yourself to be consistent and precise. This will provide even more understanding of the throttle response in your new motorcycle.

Acceleration

Repeat the previous exercise at higher speeds--both the circles and the figure eights. Keep your eyes on the horizon and your feet off the ground so you learn the feel of the equipment as it corners correctly and consistently. Varying the speed of the engine while you practice these maneuvers will allow you to ride comfortably at highway speeds as well as in city traffic.

Cornering

Follow this with learning about the bike's cornering limits. Learn to accept the grinding noise without flinching when a floorboard scrapes the pavement. A reflex jerk to avoid the sound of metal on pavement can cause you to steer right off the curve. If you feel more cornering ability is needed, you may need to change the suspension components.

Calling a halt

Practice stopping at low speed with a hard stop in order to learn the traction on the new tires, the sensitivity of the brakes and how the bike handles with the rear wheel locked. You need to know precisely what to expect in a real life panic situation and the best way to do that is to practice a hard, locked wheel stop especially in a sideways skid. Once you've practiced the rear action, learn about the power of the front brake. Be careful not to overdue front brake activity until you have a clear understanding of how much pressure the crucial front brake will take. Again, you may need to do some adjustments to the brake controls engagement points or positions to better suit your riding and stopping style.
Road Work

Now is the time to move your practice skills to the open road. Try to pick a relatively lightly traveled section or road that has some open corners so that you can practice cornering at highway speeds. Continuing to practice leaning techniques will help you to know the limits of the bike in every situation. Use a straight road with painted dotted lines and practice swerving the bike between the gaps on the road. If you can find safe stretches with raised dots for lane markers, you will be able feel immediately if you miss the swerve. Once again, in a safe mode, practice your hard stops at highway speeds. Be aware of following traffic before hitting the brakes suddenly and be sure to allow plenty of room in case you overrun your target point.

Double Up

Each of the exercises above should be repeated while carrying a passenger. Even if you do not carry anyone else regularly, knowing how your bike responds with a passenger is critical in any emergency situation--even in every day riding. Your motorcycle will respond differently, and you should know what will happen before getting on the open road. It's important that your passenger understand what is going to happen so that they don't panic and throw the motorcycle off balance, thereby causing a serious accident.

Another advantage of going through these exercises in low or moderate speed and varying the load on the engine is that they serve as a good break-in regimen for the engine.

Now that you have your new motorcycle and have practiced the various maneuvers above, you will want to remember that in adverse weather or road conditions, the new motorcycle may not handle the same as did your old set of wheels. Take things really easy the first few times you ride in the rain or in icy situations. If you have the opportunity to practice in different weather experiences, you will have an even better feel for your motorcycle's handling capabilities.
 

SAMInside

SAMInside program is designated to recover Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista users' log on passwords.

Program supports import of hashes (i.e. encoded users' passwords) from the following files:
- Windows registry (SAM and SYSTEM files);
- PWDUMP program format text files;
- L0phtCrack program files (*.LC files);
- LC4 and LC5 program files (*.LCS files);
- LC+4 and LC+5 program files (*.LCP files);
- Proactive Windows Security Explorer and Proactive Password Auditor program files (*.HDT files);
- etc. (10 types of hash import in total).

Program also supports import of user hashes from local computer (program shall be run with Administrator account privileges). For this purpose program uses the following methods of local hashes import:
- hashes import using connection to LSASS process;
- hashes import using system utility Scheduler.


Program provides 6 types of attack to recover users' passwords:
- full brute-force attack;
- distributed attack;
- mask attack;
- dictionary attack;
- hybrid attack;
- pre-calculated Rainbow tables attack (tables for both LM and NT hashes supported).
All attack settings allow fine adjustment of required type of attack to achieve maximal effectiveness of users' passwords recovery.


Forcing program code is written completely on Assembler what lets to get very high speed of password forcing procedure. SAMInside program currently shows the highest speed abroad of single LM-hash (or NT-hash)! For example, computer based on Athlon 64 3000+ processor provides forcing speed for single LM-hash about ~8300000 passwords per second, and 15100000 passwords per second for single NT-hash.

The program has compact size, doesn't require installation and can be run from floppy disk, CD/DVD or external USB disk. It works under any versions of Windows, requires no additional modules and doesn't state any special system requirements so can be run on any computer.
One more advantage of the program is correct import of Windows user names and passwords in local symbol encoding.

SAMInside program is Shareware.
Single license is $40.
To learn more about variants of license key purchase please visit this page.
Once purchased key grants you right to use all future versions of the program for free

Article Writing: Your Personal Library of Books

We write and we write well. At least we hope that we do. Still, we writers need our own library of "go to" books to help us write with strength, market our wares, and simply to inspire us to greater works. I've compiled a brief list of useful books for the serious article writer's library. Some I own, while others I plan on buying.

The Chicago School of Style, 15th Edition – Considered by English speaking authors as "the Bible" of proper grammar usage and style, this 950 plus page reference book is everything you need to have on hand when you simply are not sure about punctuation, grammar, spelling, etc. Surprisingly, the book is not stuffy as it allows serious writers some flexibility with the rules. If you have been writing for some time, you know that rules do change. I was shocked when even the Chicago School started a sentence with "and" in it. Oh me, oh my!

Guerilla Marketing For Writers -- I am very curious about this title as I have seen reference to it on various writers' web sites. Essentially "Guerilla Marketing" espouses the need for writers [particularly book authors] to spend as much as 33% of their time marketing. Hmmm…writing in and of itself is so involved. Who has the time
Writer's Market -- Every year since this reference book was first issued in 1921, the Writer's Market has served writers in finding places where they can submit their work for payment. The book lists contact information, submission guidelines, and tips on all the who/what/when/where/why of the "word" industry.

Random House Webster's Pocket Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation Guide Okay, I admit it. When I don't feel like lugging the "Chicago Style" around, this Random House book meets most of my needs. 300 power packed pages that will easily fit in your laptop carrying case, purse, or suit jacket pocket.

No, I rarely use a dictionary anymore nor do I rely on a thesaurus. Everything I need is right online or part of my Word program. I don't know about you, but I am definitely a 21st century writer who manages to write, edit, rewrite, submit and accomplish a multitude of related tasks from the ease of my laptop computer. No pencil and paper for me, except when lounging by the river or down at the beach. Oh, for more of those types of experiences! 

5 Things You Must Have to Succeed in Affiliate Marketing Online

The idea of being mere passengers on a ship meant to sail to the farthest points does not appeal to people who like to put their destiny into their own hands. They have the desire of maneuvering the ships themselves, of being able to be the ones to take it anywhere they want to. Being aboard a ship on its way to a particularly great destination is something each and every one of them dreams of, and the knowledge that they have the capacity to steer it themselves is what makes them actually want to.

Perhaps this is the reason why more and more people are succumbing to one of the most popular businesses around – affiliate marketing. It is because in this business, there are no bosses to order the employees around. There are no deadlines to meet and no clutter of work do to. One only needs to be equipped with the tools needed to succeed in a business such as this, and he is bound to get what his heart ultimately desires.

Just what are the things needed to be able to succeed in affiliate marketing? What must one have within himself to be able to do well in this industry? There is a lot of competition involved in affiliate marketing, and to be able to rise above the norm, one must be equipped with just the right stuff necessary to propel him forward. There are five things one must ultimately possess if he wants to achieve the glory he is yearning for in this business, and these five things are a must for him to possess to be able to stand out among the rest.

The very first quality one must possess if he wants to try his hand in affiliate marketing is the willingness to learn and be trained. Treading through unfamiliar territory is scary stuff if one is not properly equipped, and he might get lost amidst a jungle of the unknown. Learning the tricks of the trade is also an important aspect of the game, and one's willingness to know it all will give him far better advantages in the business than he could ever imagine.

The second quality one must possess is the willingness to invest time and effort even if direct results do not seem at all apparent. Although several months may pass without good news, it is important for one who has his foot in the industry to hold on and wait. It is this quality which would save him from giving up after investing a lot of himself in the business.

The third quality one must possess is self-determination. If one wants to conquer the affiliate marketing world, he must have the ability to push himself ahead. Never having to say die is a quality each and every affiliate marketer should possess, and the ability to motivate oneself into scaling greater heights is an ability which would actually take an affiliate marketer there.

The fourth quality one must possess is discipline. If one knows how to teach himself to work everyday with all the energy he can muster, then he is close to achieving what he has set his heart to having in the first place.

The fifth and last quality one must possess is optimism. Negative attitudes and hearsays should not discourage an affiliate marketer from pursuing what he has to in order to make life better for himself and for everyone concerned. Neither should anyone influence his attitude toward the business, because once in it, it is a must for him to be the captain of his ship and the master of his soul.

The ingredients to success in a business such as affiliate marketing are diverse and manifold, but the most important thing one needs to be able to make it big lies in himself alone. It is he who has the capacity to do everything to be able to realize his prospects, and the desire which fuels his heart in doing so is the gasoline which should keep the engine going.

Affiliate marketing is all about putting one's fate into his own hands. The right attitude is the key to being able to steer one's ship into that part of the ocean where a certain kind of serenity can be found, one that permeates the atmosphere as the ship sails calmly on. 

Taking Title When You

Taking title to a home can seem like a boilerplate event during escrow, but it is very important. The prime question is how you take title.

Taking Title When You Buy

If you are a first time buyer, you are probably wondering what taking title refers to. It is not the act of accepting a piece of paper from the seller. Taking title refers to who is listed on the title and HOW they are listed. If you are not married and are buying the home alone, you can stop reading now because you simply take the title in your own name. If you are married or buying the property with another person, things get a bit complex.

Most buyers take title in one of three ways – joint tenancy, tenants in common or as community property. Here is a closer look at each.

Joint tenancy is a popular method of taking title. Joint tenancy simply is a co-ownership situation where the purchasing parties are both listed on the title. The advantage of this form of ownership is each person on title has the right of survivorship, meaning that if one of the owners dies, title passes automatically to the surviving owner. Joint tenancy also offers tax benefits in the form of a stepped up basis. It is beyond the scope of this article, but the general idea is that the surviving owner gets to step up the cost of the home, which saves on capital gains taxes.
Tenants in common are essentially partnerships to own a property. They are generally disfavored because of tax issues.

Taking title as community property occurs often, but the buyers often do not realize it. If you are in a community property state, such as California, you pretty much take title as community property unless you hire a lawyer to find a way not to. Community property states have an overriding policy that funds from a married couples estate, not to mention assets, are jointly owned by both regardless of anything in writing. There are, however, some advantages to this approach. Upon the death of one spouse, the other gets a major stepped up basis on the cost of the home. When the property is sold, this results in substantial savings on capital gains.

So, which title should you choose when buying a home? There really is not one correct answer. You simply need to analyze your specific circumstances to make the best choice. 

Property Management Software as an ASP

It used to be that in order to manage your properties, be it apartments, mobile homes, or office space, each of the managers would have to store the data on their own machines either on software built for that purpose or with an assortment of personal databases and/or spreadsheets. In order for a central office to be able to view that information or do any sort of reporting, the individual managers would have to mail a floppy disk to the central office, or, as things became more advanced, email or ftp that information. IT Managers hoped that the property managers were backing up their software in case of computer crashes, but never actually knowing if that was occurring or if the backups were valid. Among the other problems that were sure to occur in these scenarios were differing versions of the software, being tied down to a specific operating system, being tied down to a specific computer (the one with the installation), and difficulty correcting problems in the data from a remote location.

I talk about those things as if they are archaic when, in fact, many companies still rely upon these decentralized programs and databases and outdated methods to manage their properties.

Recently, however, companies that wrote these personal solutions have begun to develop centralized solutions based on web servers. And they are not the only ones. Intense competition from Internet startups with savvy web developers backed by knowledgeable property managers and property management companies have appeared, sometimes overnight.

Is it worth it to try one of these out? What does it buy you?

Whether you go with a proven player in the property management software market or a program written by a fledgling company, moving to an Application Service Provider (ASP) most likely provides you with the following important concepts. This list is by no means all-inclusive.

Centralized Data and Software

With data in one location, you can ensure backups happen on all of the properties as many times as you deem necessary. You no longer have to worry about whether your managers are backing up data.

With data in one location, you can run reports on all of the properties at the same time without waiting for managers to mail or email you their data. You can even view these reports with real-time data.

All of your manager's machines are always running the most up-to-date version, and the ASP doesn't have to take time building and testing the patches to make sure they patch the program properly on all supported operating systems. They can just make and test the changes on their own servers, and move those changes to where the property managers themselves can use the modifications.

Data fixes do not require the data to be zipped up and sent to the programming company, nor do they require access into your computers or networks.

Versatility and Convenience

No more are the days when you have to buy the Windows version, the Mac version, or, if you are especially daring, trying to get the version of the software to work with the flavor of Unix or Linux that you have selected. If done properly, property management software will run on any of the more popular web browsers on any environment you choose.

You no longer need to bring the computer with you that has the installation on it. You can access your properties from any library, school, Internet café, home, or work location at which you find yourself, as long as you have a connection to the Internet.

Cost

How many property managers honestly want to pay a team of IT professionals to manage all of the software and its upgrades at all of their properties?

There is really no need to keep using antiquated alternatives. If the convenience of easy access from anywhere using any web browser doesn't provide enough of an incentive, the easy and less expensive management and real-time statistics and reporting should. Take a look at some of the choices in online property management software today, and see how easy managing your properties can be.

7 Attributes of a Successful Fashion Model

I would like to clarify one thing and please listen carefully ...

THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A NATURAL-BORN MODEL!!!

Yes, some people have a natural beauty and some learn more quickly than others. I'll agree that these attributes are important. But, I'll say it again - There is no such thing as a natural-born model.

If you believe this, let me ask you a question. Do you believe there is such a thing as a natural-born surgeon? Do you think that the most famous surgeon in the medical profession was born to be a doctor? I guess when he was delivered the doctor who brought him into this world said, "Look!!! It's a surgeon!!" I don't think so.

For this man to become this famous surgeon, it took many years of education, internship, and watching other doctors before he was even considered to do actual surgery. I'm really glad he did, aren't you?

And, even after all these grueling years this doctor still was not guaranteed to become well-known in the medical industry.

The point I'm trying to make is that, modeling can be a rewarding profession but it does require some effort on your part.

The following are some of the attributes of successful models ..

Learning ability and intelligence
Self confidence
Willingness to travel and leave friends and family behind
Good organization skills
A healthy body and lots of get-up-and-go!
A model who is comfortable in setting goals and not afraid to go after them with a dogged determination
Resistance to peer pressure - Stay drug and alcohol free
Don't just read these attributes. Study them, learn them, and make them a part of your own personality traits. If you don't have them at first, pretend that you do.

Remember, you will become what you think and the way that you act. You're not lying when you say, "I am in the process of writing down my goals for modeling and on my way to becoming successful." You're just telling the truth in advance!!

Making More Money With Affiliate Feeds

As an aside, I noticed something very interesting. Because of my RSS reader I was one of the first to cover adsenseblacklist.com, a terrific new web site that will help you screen out the cheesy AdSense ads. Because I was on it first, I popped up in the first five Google search results for this keyword for a while, which drove traffic to this site. So watch your RSS reader.

All that being said, we are beginning to see RSS used as auto update feature for websites and blogs. The first application was RSS feeds that automagically update your site with articles in your subject area from a free article site. The rationale is that this will give you fresh content that search engines will eat right up. They call it spiderfood. I call it a dumb idea. Have you read some of these articles? There's a wide disparity in quality from one to another, and I would never allow articles to be put blindly on my web site without my approval. For crying out loud…you spend hours and hours of time getting your site to a certain level of quality to build a certain level of trust with your visitors, and then you're going to allow some hack to put his content on your site without your approval, just so maybe a search engine will come a few extra times? That's just stupid.

Need more content? Turn off the football game and write some.

Seriously…if you want to use articles as supplemental content, hand pick them. Just like famous Internet marketer Wille Crawford did on his blog when he picked my article Chitika - What Went Wrong (a little humor there). I have at least 20 - 30 articles in an Outlook Folder that I'm going to post on the site as soon as a I get a chance. That's the good news - the bad news is I went through 500 or so articles to get those.
Closer to home, affiliate merchants are starting to get into datafeeds, which are sort of like file-based RSS feeds. Datafeeds provide direct access to merchant products using text files. The file contains a list of products, services, special offers, coupons or other information that you can display on your site. You then upload that information to your server and use some kind of tool or script to display the different items in that file. There are programs on CJ, LinkShare and Shareasale that have datafeeds.

While others are absolutely gaga over this, I look at it with the same jaundiced eye as the whole article thing - it all depends on your niche, the level of trust you want to maintain with your customer, and how technical you want to get.

If you have a niche that has a well-matched affiliate program, you might try a product feed. If you want to put up an occasional coupon or special offer, you can probably do it by hand rather than going through all of this mumbo jumbo.

We are starting to see products that convert merchant datafeeds to RSS, allowing you to auto-display products from affiiliate programs. Again, if you can maintain relevance across the entire affiliate line, it's a good idea. If not, you're not going to get conversion anyway, so you're wasting your time. Personally I want everything including the advertising, to have relevance to my visitors.

There's always a shortcut - in this case you're shortcutting the time and effort involved in finding relevant offers for your visitors. That may work with some sites.

If you want to know more or give it a shot, here are some resources:

1. FiveStarAffiliatePrograms - They love the idea, but I think they're plugging their own tool.
2. Smartsville has a nice synopsis. Oh…they also have a tool.

One last thing - while I was out looking for links and information, this is what someone said about using datafeeds:

Soon, I will let you know how I put this all on autopilot and never have to think about the blog again after I spend a few hours setting it up!

20 ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN INSOMNIA

INSOMNIA
PENGERTIAN
Tidur adalah bagian dari ritme biologis tubuh untuk mengembalikan stamina. Kebutuhan tidur bervariasi pada masing-masing orang, umumnya 6-8 jam per hari. Agar tetap sehat, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah kualitas tidur (www.depkes.go.id).
Insomnia adalah kesukaran dalam memulai atau mempertahankan tidur yang bisa bersifat sementara atau persisten (Kaplan & Sadock, 1997).
Insomnia adalah salah satu fenomena umum dalam gangguan pola tidur. Jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan menderita gejala somatic dan perkembangan penyakit. Ia bahkan dapat menimbulkan penyakit mental dengan dimensi (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
insomnia adalah ketidakmampuan untuk tidur, tetap tidur, atau merasa segar dengan tidur. Akut dan sementara selama periode stres, insomnia dapat menjadi kronis, konstan menyebabkan kelelahan, kegelisahan ekstrim sebagai pendekatan sensasi, dan gangguan kejiwaan (www.wrongdiagnosis.com).


PENYEBAB
1. karena kondisi medis : tiap kondisi yang menyakitkan atau tidak menyenangkan,sindroma apnea tidur, restless leggs syndrome,faktor diet, parasomnia, efek zat langsung (drugs/alcohol), efek putus zat, penyakit endokrin/metabolik, penyakit infeksi, neoplastic, nyeri/ketidaknyamanan,lesi batang otak/hipotalamus, akibat penuaan.
2. sekunder karena kondisi psikiatri
kecemasan, ketegangan otot-otot, perubahan lingkungan, gangguan tidur irama sirkadian, depresi primer, stress pascatraumatik, skizofrenia (Kaplan & Sadock, 1997).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), menunjukkan beberapa gejala dimana seseorang dapat didiagnosis sedang menderita insomnia karena faktor psikologis, yaitu:

1. Kesulitan untuk memulai, mempertahankan tidur, dan tidak dapat memperbaiki tidur selama sekurangnya satu bulan merupakan keluahan yang paling banyak terjadi.
2. Insomnia ini menyebabkan penderita menjadi stres sehingga dapat mengganggu fungsi sosial,pekerjaan atau area fungsi penting yang lain.
3. Insomnia karena faktor psikologis ini bukan termasuk narkolepsi, gangguan tidur yang berhubungan dengan pernafasan, gangguan ritme sirkadian atau parasomnia.
4. Insomnia karena faktor psikologis tidak terjadi karena gangguan mental lain seperti gangguan depresi, delirium.
5. Insomnia karena faktor psikologis tidak terjadi karena efek fisiologis yang langsung dari suatu zat seperti penyalahgunaan obat atau kondisi medis yang umum.
Dengan adanya gejela-gejala yang disebutkan oleh Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), maka insomnia karena faktor psikologis dapat mengganggu berbagai fungsi sosial. (www.e-psikologi.com).

SIKLUS INSOMNIA KRONIS
Jika seseorang mengalami insomnia sementara karena faktor psikologis (mengalami kesulitan tidur dengan nyenyak selama kurang lebih satu malam dan kurang dari empat minggu) tetapi tidak dapat beradaptasi dengan penyebab insomnia (tidak mampu mengelola stres tersebut secara sehat) maka akan mengakibatkan seseorang mengalami insomnia jangka pendek (kesulitan tidur nyenyak selama empat minggu hingga enam bulan). Jika insomnia jangka pendek ini tetap tidak dapat diatasi oleh si penderita maka akan mengakibatkan insomnia kronis. Jika terjadi insomnia kronis maka akan memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama untuk penyembuhannya (www.e-psikologi.com).
Keadaan jaga atau bangun sangat dipengaruhi oleh sistim ARAS (Ascending Reticulary Activity System). Bila aktifitas ARAS ini meningkat orang tersebut dalam keadaan terjaga. Aktifitas ARAS menurun, orang tersebut akan dalam keadaan tidur. Aktifitas ARAS ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh aktifitas neurotransmiter seperti sistem serotoninergik, noradrenergik, kholonergik, histaminergik.
• Sistem serotonergik
Hasil serotonergik sangat dipengaruhi oleh hasil metabolisma asam amino trypthopan. Dengan    bertambahnya jumlah tryptopan, maka jumlah serotonin yang terbentuk juga meningkat akan    menyebabkan keadaan mengantuk/tidur. Bila serotonin dari tryptopan terhambat pembentukannya, maka terjadikeadaan tidak bisa tidur/jaga. Menurut beberapa peneliti lokasi yang terbanyak sistem serotogenik ini terletak pada nukleus raphe dorsalis di batang otak, yang mana terdapat hubungan aktifitas serotonis dinukleus raphe dorsalis dengan tidur REM.
• Sistem Adrenergik
Neuron-neuron yang terbanyak mengandung norepineprin terletak di badan sel nukleus cereleus di batang otak. Kerusakan sel neuron pada lokus cereleus sangat mempengaruhi penurunan atau hilangnya REM tidur. Obat-obatan yang mempengaruhi peningkatan aktifitas neuron noradrenergic akan menyebabkan penurunan yang jelas pada tidur REM dan peningkatan keadaan jaga.
• Sistem Kholinergik
Sitaram et al (1976) membuktikan dengan pemberian prostigimin intra vena dapat mempengaruhi episode tidur REM. Stimulasi jalur kholihergik ini, mengakibatkan aktifitas gambaran EEG seperti dalam keadaan jaga. Gangguan aktifitas kholinergik sentral yang berhubungan dengan perubahan tidur ini terlihat pada orang depresi, sehingga terjadi pemendekan latensi tidur REM. Pada obat antikolinergik (scopolamine) yang menghambat pengeluaran kholinergik dari lokus sereleus maka tamapk gangguan pada fase awal dan penurunan REM.
• Sistem histaminergik
Pengaruh histamin sangat sedikit mempengaruhi tidur.
• Sistem hormon
Pengaruh hormon terhadap siklus tidur dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hormone seperti ACTH, GH, TSH, dan LH. Hormon hormon ini masing-masing disekresi secara teratur oleh kelenjar pituitary anterior melalui hipotalamus patway. Sistem ini secara teratur mempengaruhi pengeluaran neurotransmitter norepinefrin, dopamin, serotonin yang bertugas menagtur mekanisme tidur dan bangun (perawat-jiwatiga.blogspot.com).

DAMPAK INSOMNIA
Insomnia dapat mengakibatkan berbagai dampak yang merugikan, yaitu:
1. Depresi
2. Kesulitan untuk berkonsentrasi
3. Aktivitas sehari-hari menjadi terganggu
4. prestasi kerja atau belajar mengalami penurunan
5. Mengalami kelelahan di siang hari
6. Hubungan interpersonal dengan orang lain menjadi buruk
7. Meningkatkan risiko kematian
8. Menyebabkan kecelakaan karena mengalami kelelahan yang berlebihan
9. Memunculkan berbagai penyakit fisik

Dampak insomnia tidak dapat di anggap remeh, karena bisa menimbulkan kondisi yang lebih serius dan membahayakan kesehatan dan keselamatan. Oleh karenanya, setiap penderita insomnia perlu mencari jalan keluar yang tepat (www.e-psikologi.com).

THERAPY
1. CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
CBT digunakan untuk memperbaiki distorsi kognitif si penderita dalam memandang dirinya, lingkungannya, masa depannya, dan untuk meningkatkan rasa percaya dirinya sehingga si penderita merasa berdaya atau merasa bahwa dirinya masih berharga.

2. Sleep Restriction Therapy
Sleep restriction therapy digunakan untuk memperbaiki efisiensi tidur si penderita insomnia.

3. Stimulus Control Therapy
Stimulus control therapy berguna untuk mempertahankan waktu bangun pagi si penderita secara reguler dengan memperhatikan waktu tidur malam dan melarang si penderita untuk tidur pada siang hari meski hanya sesaat.

4. Relaxation Therapy
Relaxation Therapy berguna untuk membuat si penderita rileks pada saat dihadapkan pada kondisi yang penuh ketegangan.

5. Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy berguna untuk mengidentifikasi sikap dan kepercayaan si penderita yang salah mengenai tidur.

6. Imagery Training
Imagery Training berguna untuk mengganti pikiran-pikiran si penderita yang tidak menyenangkan menjadi pikiran-pikiran yang menyenangkan.

Banyak di antara para penderita insomnia karena factor psikologis yang menggunakan obat tidur untuk mengatasi insomnianya. Namun penggunaan yang terus menerus tentu menimbulkan efek samping yang negative, baik secara fisiologis (efek terhadap organ dan fungsi organ tubuh) serta efek psikologis. Logikanya, insomnia yang disebabkan factor psikologis, berarti factor psikologis itu lah yang harus di atasi, bukan symtomnya. Kalau kita hanya focus mengatasi simtom-nya dengan minum berbagai obat tidur, maka ketika mata terbuka, masalah akan datang kembali, bahkan akan dirasa lebih berat karena dibiarkan berlarut-larut tanpa solusi pada akar masalah.

Perlu diketahui, bahwa keberhasilan terapi tergantung dari motivasi si penderita untuk sembuh sehingga si penderita harus sabar, tekun dan bersungguh-sungguh dalam menjalani sesi terapi. Selain itu, sebaiknya terapi yang dilakukan juga diiringi dengan pemberian terapi keluarga. Hal ini disebabkan, dalam terapi keluarga, anggota keluarga si penderita dilibatkan untuk membantu kesembuhan si penderita. Dalam terapi keluarga, anggota keluarga si penderita juga diberi tahu tentang seluk beluk kondisi si penderita dan diharapkan anggota keluarganya dapat berempati untuk membantu kesembuhan si penderita.

ASKEP
kaji efek samping pengobatan pada pola tidur klien.
pantau pola tidur klien dan catat hubungan faktor-faktor fisik (misalnya : apnea saat tidur, sumbatan jalan nafas, nyeri/ketidaknyamanan, dan sering berkemih).
jelaskan pada klien pentingnya tidur adekuat (selama kehamilan, sakit, stress psikososial).
ajarkan klien dan keluarga untuk menghindari faktor penyebab (misal : gaya hidup, diet, aktivitas, dan faktor lingkungan).
ajarkan klien dan kelurga dalam teknik relaksasi (pijat/urut sebelum tidur, mandi air hangat, minum susu hangat).

Solusi mencegah insomnia
Insomnia karena faktor psikologis dapat dicegah dengan cara memanage stres secara positif dan jika ada mengalami masalah sebaiknya sharing pada seseorang yang dapat Anda percaya. Semoga dengan pembahasan tentang insomnia ini, dapat memberikan manfaat bagi Anda. Dengan informasi ini, diharap kita pun bisa memahami penderita insomnia dan dapat memberikan bantuan yang tepat. Perhatian dan empati terhadap penderita insomnia, bisa sedikit mengobati kegalauan emosi jiwanya. Semoga bermanfaat.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://www.e-psikologi.com/epsi/artikel_detail.asp?id=483
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836979?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/symptoms/insomnia/causes.htm
Kaplan, Harold I. & Sadock, Benjamin J. 1997. Sinopsis Psikiatri Jilid 2 edisi 7. Jakarta : Binarupa Aksara.
Wilkinson, Judit M. 2006. Buku Saku Diagnosis Keperawatan dengan Intervensi NIC dan Kriteria hasil NOC. Jakarta : EGC.

sumber :http://asuhan-keperawatan-patriani.blogspot. com/2008/12/insomnia.html

posted by : gayuh

21 Haemoglobin Adalah

Haemoglobin adalah kompleks protein-pigmen yang mengandung zat besi. Kompleks tersebut berwarna merah dan terdapat didalam eritrosit. Sebuah molekul haemoglobin memiliki empat gugus haeme yang mengandung besi fero dan empat rantai globin. Terdapat beberapa bentuk haaemoglobin : tipe fetal (HbF)  dan dua bentuk utama haemoglobin dewasa (HbA1 dan HbA2). Haemoglobin membawa oksigen, sebagian karbondioksida dan mendapat perubahan pH.
Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) ---> kadar HbA1 menunjukkan kadar gula darah selama periode beberapa bulan dan dapat digunakan untuk menilai derajat pengendalian pada Diabetes mellitus.
Nilai normal Hb untuk laki-laki adalah 13 gr% - 18 gr%, dan untuk wanita adalah 11,5 gr% - 16,5 gr% (Brooker, 2001).

Haemoglobin adalah Sebuah substansi didalam sel darah merah (erithrocyte) dan tanggung jawab masing-masing warna, terdiri dari pigmen haeme (zat besi - berisi porphyrin) terkait dengan protein globin. Haemoglobin memiliki sifat unik dapat menyatu dengan oksigen dan merupakan pengangkut oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Haemoglobin membawa oksigen dalam aliran darah melewati dan bersama dengan darah sampai ke jaringan tubuh. Darah biasanya mengandung 12-18 g / dl dari hemoglobin.
Myohaemoglobin: zat besi - yang mengandung protein, menyerupai hemoglobin, ditemukan dalam sel otot. Seperti hemoglobin yang berisi kumpulan haeme. Ikatan yang mengandung oksigen, bertindak sebagai reservoir oksigen di dalam serabut otot .Oxyhaemoglobin : substansi darah merah dibentuk bila pigmen hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah menyatu kembali dengan oksigen. Oxyhaemoglobin adalah bentuk oksigen yang diangkut dari paru-paru ke sel-sel, di mana oksigen dilepaskan.
Methahaemoglobin : substansi yang dibentuk apabila atom besi dari pigmen hemoglobin darah telah mengoksidasi dari ferrous ke bentuk ferric (bandingkan oxyhaemoglobin). Methahaemoglobin yang tidak dapat mengikat oksigen molekular dan karenanya tidak dapat mentransportasi oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Keberadaan methahaemoglobin dalam darah (methahaemoglobinaemia) mungkin akibat menelan zat oksid dari narkoba atau dari warisan keabnormalan dari molekul hemoglobin. Gejala - gejala termasuk kelelahan, sakit kepala, pusing dan cyanosis (oxford electric medical dictionary).

Referensi :
Brooker, Christine. 2001. Kamus Saku Keperawatan.EGC  : Jakarta.
oxford electric medical dictionary

Haemoglobin is the pigment-protein complex that contains iron. Complex is red and there is the eritrosit. A haemoglobin molecule has four haeme group which contains iron and fero four globin chains. There are several forms of haaemoglobin: type fetal (HbF) and the two main forms of adult haemoglobin (HbA1 and HbA2). Haemoglobin takes oxygen, some carbon dioxide and the pH changes. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) ---> HbA1 level indicates the blood sugar over a period of several months and can be used to assess the degree of control on Diabetes mellitus. Hb normal value for men is 13% gr - 18 gr%, and for women is gr 11.5% - 16.5 gr% (Brooker, 2001).

Haemoglobin is a substance contained within the red blood cell (erithrocyte) and responsible for their colour, composed of the pigment haem (an iron - containing porphyrin) linked to the protein globin. Haemoglobin has the unique property of combining reversibly with oxygen and is the medium by which oxygen is transported within the body. it take up oxygen as blood passes through the lungs and releases it as blood passes through the tissues. Blood normally contains 12-18 g/dl of haemoglobin.

Myohaemoglobin : an iron – containing protein, resembling haemoglobin, found in muscle cell. Like haemoglobin it contains a haem group. Which binds reversibly with oxygen, and so acts as an oxygen reservoir within the muscle fibres.

Oxyhaemoglobin : the bright – red substance formed when the pigment haemoglobin in red blood cell combines reversibly with oxygen. Oxyhaemoglobin is the form in which oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues, where the oxygen is released.

Methahaemoglobin : a substance formed when the iron atoms of the blood pigment haemoglobin have been oxidized from the ferrous to the ferric form (compare oxyhaemoglobin). The methahaemoglobin cannot bind molecular oxygen and therefore it cannot transport oxygen round the body. The presence of methahaemoglobin in the blood (methahaemoglobinaemia) may result from the ingestion of oxidizing drugs or from an inherited abnormality of the haemoglobin molecule. Symtomps include fatigue, headache, dizziness and cyanosis (oxford electric medical dictionary).

sumber : http://asuhan-keperawatan-patriani.blogspot.com/2009/05/haemoglobin-hb.html
posted by : gayuh

98 Pencegahan pada apendiksitis

Pencegahan pada apendisitis yaitu dengan menurunkan resiko obstruksi atau peradangan pada lumen apendik. Pola eliminasi klien harus dikaji, sebab obstruksi oleh fecalit dapat terjadi karena tidak adekuatnya diit serat, diit tinggi serat.
Perawatan dan pengobatan penyakit cacing juga meminimalkan resiko. Pengenalan yang cepat terhadap gejala dan tanda apendiksitis meminimalkan resiko terjadinya gangren, perforasi, dan peritonitis.

posted by : gayuh

99 PATOFISIOLOGI Apendicsitis


PATOFISIOLOGI
Apendik belum diketahui fungsinya, merupakan bagian dari sekum. Peradangan pada apendik dapat terjadi oleh adanya ulserasi dinding mukosa atau obstruksi lumen (biasanya oleh fecolif/faeses yang keras). Penyumbatan pengeluaran sekret mukus mengakibatkan perlengketan, infeksi dan terhambatnya aliran darah. Dari keadaan hipoksia menyebabkan gangren atau dapat terjadi ruptur dalam waktu 24-36 jam. Bila proses ini berlangsung terus-menerus organ disekitar dinding apendik terjadi perlengketan dan akan menjadi abses (kronik). Apabila proses infeksi sangat cepat (akut) dapat menyebabkan peritonitis. Peritonitis merupakan komplikasi yang sangat serius. Infeksi kronis dapat terjadi pada apendik, tetapi hal ini tidak selalu menimbulkan nyeri di daerah abdomen.